Bài tập trắc nghiệm Tiếng Anh theo chuyên đề tách từ đề thi thử THPTQG năm 2019 - Chuyên đề: Đọc hiểu - Đề 3 (Có đáp án)

Đọc hiểu DESERTIFICATION Desertification is the degradation of once-productive land into unproductive or poorly productive land. Since the first great urban-agricultural centers in Mesopotamia nearly 6,000 years ago, human activity has had a destructive impact on soil quality, leading to gradual desertification in virtually every area of the world. It is a common misconception that desertification is caused by droughts. Although drought does make land more vulnerable, well-managed land can survive droughts and recover, even in arid regions. Another mistaken belief is that the process occurs only along the edges of deserts. In fact, it may take place in any arid or semiarid region, especially where poor land management is practiced. Most vulnerable, however, are the transitional zones between deserts and arable land; wherever human activity leads to land abuse in these fragile marginal areas, soil destruction is inevitable. [1] Agriculture and overgrazing are the two major sources of desertification. [2] Large-scale farming requires extensive irrigation, which ultimately destroys lands by depleting its nutrients and leaching minerals into the topsoil. [3] Grazing is especially destructive to land because, in addition to depleting cover vegetation, herds of grazing mammals also trample the fine organic particles of the topsoil, leading to soil compaction and erosion. [4] It takes about 500 years for the earth to build up 3 centimeters of topsoil. However, cattle ranching and agriculture can deplete as much as 2 to 3 centimeters of topsoil every 25 years - 60 to 80 times faster than it can be replaced by nature. Salination is a type of land degradation that involves an increase in the salt content of the soil. This usually occurs as a result of improper irrigation practices. The greatest Mesopotamian empires- Sumer, Akkad and Babylon- were built on the surplus of the enormously productive soil of the ancient Tigris- Euphrates alluvial plain. After nearly a thousand years of intensive cultivation, land quality was in evident decline. In response, around 2800 BC the Sumerians began digging the huge Tigris-Euphrates canal system to irrigate the exhausted soil. A temporary gain in crop yield was achieved in this way, but over-irrigation was to have serious and unforeseen consequences. From as early as 2400 BC we find Sumerian documents referring to salinization as a soil problem. It is believed that the fall of the Akkadian Empire around 2150 BC may have been due to a catastrophic failure in land productivity; the soil was literally turned into salt. Even today, four thousand years later, vast tracks of salinized land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers still resemble rock-hard fields of snow. Soil erosion is another form of desertification. It is a self-reinforcing process; once the cycle of degradation begins, conditions are set for continual deterioration. As the vegetative cover begins to disappear, soil becomes more vulnerable to raindrop impact. Water runs off instead of soaking in to provide moisture for plans. This further diminishes plan cover by leaching away nutrients from the soil. As soil quality declines and runoff is increased, floods become more frequent and more severe. Flooding washes away topsoil, the thin, rich, uppermost layer of the earth’s soil, and leaves finer underlying particles more vulnerable to wind erosion. Topsoil contains the earth’s greatest concentration of organic matter and microorganisms, and is where most of the earth’s land-based biological activity occurs. Without this fragile coat of nutrient-laden material, plan life cannot exist. An extreme case of its erosion is found in the Sahel, a transitional zone between the Sahara Desert and the tropical African rain forests; home to some 56 million people. Overpopulation and overgrazing have opened the hyperarid land to wind erosion, which is stripping away the protective margin of the Sahel, and causing the desert to grow at an alarming rate. Between 1950 and 1975, the Sahara Desert spread 100 kilometers southward through the Sahel. Question 1: Which of the following statement is true about desertification? It has a history as long as that of civilization. It was just as serious in the past as it is today. It is a fairy recent problem. Ancient societies managed the problem well. Question 2: The word “arable” in paragraph 2 is closet in meaning to . A. cultivate B. dry C. settled D. populated Question 3: According to the passage, many people’s understanding of desertification is incorrect because . they do not think of of it as a serious problem they see it as being reversible they do not see it as being caused by human activity they think of it as a very slow process Question 4: According to the passage, agriculture furthers desertification through which of the following activities A. The repetitive planting of the same crop B. Irrigation C. The stripping away of native vegetation D. Over fertilization Question 5: The word “degradation” in paragraph 4 is closet in meaning to . A. rejuvenation B. deterioration C. contribution D. consumption Question 6: Paragraph 4 of the passage serves mainly to do which of the following? Show the progress of desertification down through history. Propose a method for dealing with the desertification problem. Describe one progress that leads to desertification. Describe the main cause of desertification in one particular area. Question 7: The word “leaching” in paragraph 5 is closet in meaning to _ . A. washing B. depositing C. concentrating D. dispersing Iron production was revolutionized in the early eighteenth century when coke was first used instead of charcoal for refining iron ore. Previously the poor quality of the iron had restricted its use in architecture to items such as chains and tie bars for supporting arches, vaults, and walls. With the improvement in refining ore, it was now possible to make cast-iron beams, columns, and girders. During the nineteenth century further advances were made, notably Bessemer’s process for converting iron into steel, which made the material more commercially viable. Iron was rapidly adopted for the construction of bridges, because its strength was far greater than that of stone or timber, but its use in the architecture of buildings developed more slowly. By 1800 a complete internal iron skeleton for buildings had been developed in industrial architecture replacing traditional timber beams, but it generally remained concealed. Apart from its low cost, the appeal of iron as a building material lay in its strength, its resistance to fire, and its potential to span vast areas. As a result, iron became increasingly popular as a structural material for more traditional styles of architecture during the nineteenth century, but it was invariably concealed. Significantly, the use of exposed iron occurred mainly in the new building types spawned by the Industrial Revolution: in factories, warehouses, commercial offices, exhibition hall, and railroad stations, where its practical advantages far outweighed its lack of status. Designers of the railroad stations of the new age explored the potential of iron, covering huge areas with spans that surpassed the great vaults of medieval churches and cathedrals. Paxton’s Crystal Palace, designed to house the Great Exhibition of 1851, covered an area of 1.848 feet by 408 feet in prefabricated units of glass set in iron frames. The Paris Exhibition of 1889 included both the widest span and the greatest height achieved so far with the Halle Des Machines, spanning 362 feet, and the Eiffel Tower 1,000 feet high. However, these achievements were mocked by the artistic elite of Paris as expensive and ugly follies. Iron, despite its structural advantages, had little aesthetic status. The use of an exposed iron structure in the more traditional styles of architecture was slower to develop. Question 8: What does the passage mainly discuss? Advances in iron processing in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The effects of the Industrial Revolution on traditional architectural styles. Advantages of stone and timber over steel as a building material. The evolution of the use of iron in architecture during the 1800’s. Question 9: According to the passage, iron was NOT used for beams, columns, and girders prior to the early eighteenth century because . all available iron was needed for other purposes limited mining capability made iron too expensive iron was considered too valuable for use in public buildings the use of charcoal for refining ore produced poor quality iron Question 10: Iron replaced stone and timber in the building of bridges because iron was considered . A. more beautiful B. new and modern C. much stronger D. easier to transport Question 11: The word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to . A. industrial architecture B. internal iron skeleton C. stone D. strength Question 12: The word “surpassed” is closest in meaning to . A. imitated B. exceeded C. approached D. included Question 13: According to paragraph 3, the architectural significance of the Halle Des Machines was its . A. wide span B. great height C. unequaled beauty D. prefabricated unites of glass Question 14: How did the artistic elite mentioned in the passage react to the buildings at the Paris Exhibition? A. They tried to copy them. B. They ridiculed them. C. They praised them. D. They refused to pay to see them. Question 15: It can be inferred that the delayed use of exposed iron structures in traditional styles of architecture is best explained by the . impracticality of using iron for small, noncommercial buildings association of iron architecture with the problems of the Industrial Revolution general belief that iron offered less resistance to fire and harsh weather than traditional materials general perception that iron structures were not aesthetically pleasing Interest is the sum charged for borrowing money for a fixed period of time. Principal is the term used for the money that is borrowed, and the rate of interest is the percent per year of the principal charged for its use. Most of the profits for a bank are derived from the interest that they charge for the use of their own or their depositor’s money. All problems in interest may be solved by using one general equation that may be stated as follows: Interest = Principal X Rate X Time Any one of the four quantities – that is, interest, principal, rate, or time – may be found when the other three are known. The time is expressed in years. The rate is expressed as a decimal fraction. Thus, 6 percent interest means six cents charged for the use of $1 of principal borrowed for one year. Although the time may be less than, equal to, or greater than one year, most applications for loans are for periods of less than one year. For purpose of computing interest for short periods, the commercial year or 360 days is commonly used, but when large sums of money are involved, exact interest is computed on the basis of 365 days. Question 16: With what topic is this passage primarily concerned? Profits (B) Rate (C) Interest (D) Principal Question 17: The word “fixed” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to (A) Definite (B) short (C) repeated (D) trial Question 18: At 4 percent interest for the use of $1 principal, how much would one pay? (A) Six cents per year (B) Twenty-five cents per year (C) Four cents per year (D) One cent per year Question 19: Which of the following would be a correct expression of an interest rate as stated in the equation for computing interest? (A) Four (B) 04 (C) 4 (D) 4/100 Question 20: Most applications for loans are for (A) one year (B) less than one year (C) more than one year (D) 360 days Question 21: The word “periods” in paragraph 3 refers to (A) time (B) loans (C) applications ( D) interest Question 22: A commercial year is used to compute (A) exact interest (B) interest on large sums of money (C) interest on a large principal (D) interest for short periods of time The protozoans, minute, aquatic creatures each of which consists of a single cell of protoplasm, constitute a classification of the most primitive forms of animal life. They are fantastically diverse, but three major groups may be identified on the basis of their motility. The Mastigophora have one or more long tails, which they use to project themselves forward. The Ciliata, which use the same basic means for locomotion as the Mastigophora, have a larger number of short tails. The Sarcodina, which include amoebae, float or row themselves about on their crusted bodies. In addition to their form of movement, several other features discriminate among the three groups of protozoans. For example, at least two nuclei per cell have been identified in the Ciliata, usually a large nucleus that regulates growth but decomposes during reproduction, and a smaller one that contains the genetic code necessary to generate the large nucleus. Protozoans are considered animals because, unlike pigmented plants to which some protozoans are otherwise almost identical, they do not live on simple organic compounds. Their cell demonstrates all of the major characteristics of the cells of higher animals. Many species of protozoans collect into colonies, physically connected to each other and responding uniformly to outside stimulate. Current research into this phenomenon, along with investigations carried out with advanced microscopes may necessitate a redefinition of what constitutes protozoans, even calling into question the basic premise that they have only one cell. Nevertheless, with the current data available, almost 40,000 species of protozoans have been identified. No doubt, as the technology improves our methods of observation, better models of classification will be proposed. Question 23: Where do protozoans probably live? Water (B) Sand (C) Grass (D) Wood Question 24: What is protoplasm? A class of protozoan The substance that forms the cell of a protozoan A primitive animal similar to a protozoan An animal that developed from a protozoan Question 25: To which class of protozoans do the amoebae belong? (A) Mastigophora (B) Ciliata (C) Sarcodina (D) Motility Question 26: What is the purpose of the large nucleus in the Ciliata? It generates the other nucleus. It contains the genetic code for the small nucleus. It regulates growth. It reproduces itself. Question 27: Why are protozoans classified as animals? They do not live on simple organic compounds. They collect in colonies. They respond uniformly to outside stimulate. They may have more than one cell. Question 28: The word “uniformly” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to (A) in the same way (B) once in a while (C) all of a sudden (D) in the long run Question 29: The word “they” in paragraph 3 refers to (A) protozoans (B) microscopes (C) investigations (D) colonies Question 30: Which of the following statements are NOT true of protozoans? There are approximately 40,000 species. They are the most primitive forms of animal life. They have a large cell and a smaller cell. They are difficult to observe. Reading to oneself is a modern activity which was almost unknown to the scholars of the classical and medieval worlds, while during the fifteenth century the term “reading” undoubtedly meant reading aloud. Only during the nineteenth century did silent reading become commonplace. One should be wary, however, of assuming that silent reading came about simply because reading aloud was a distraction to others. Examinations of factors related to the historical development of silent reading have revealed that it became the usual mode of reading for most adults mainly because the tasks themselves changed in character. The last century saw a steady gradual increase in literacy and thus in the number of readers. As the number of readers increased, the number of potential listeners declined and thus there was some reduction in the need to read aloud. As reading for the benefit of listeners grew less common, so came the flourishing of reading as a private activity in such public places as libraries, railway carriages and offices, where reading aloud would cause distraction to other readers. Towards the end of the century, there was still considerable argument over whether books should be used for information or treated respectfully and over whether the reading of materials such as newspapers was in some way mentally weakening. Indeed, this argument remains with us still in education. However, whatever its virtues, the old shared literacy culture had gone and was replaced by the printed mass media on the one hand and by books and periodicals for a specialised readership on the other. By the end of the twentieth century, students were being recommended to adopt attitudes to books and to use reading skills which were inappropriate, if not impossible, for the oral reader. The social, cultural and technological changes in the century had greatly altered what the term “reading” implied. Câu 31: Reading aloud was more common in the medieval world because . few people could read to themselves there were few places available for private reading silent reading had not been discovered people relied on reading for entertainment Câu 32: The word “commonplace” in the first paragraph mostly means “_ ”. A. attracting attention B. for everybody’s use C. most preferable D. widely used Câu 33: The development of silent reading during the last century indicated . A. an increase in the number of books B. an increase in the average age of readers C. a change in the status of literate people D. a change in the nature of reading Câu 34: Silent reading, especially in public places, flourished mainly because of . A. the decreasing need to read aloud B. the development of libraries C. the increase in literacy D. the decreasing number of listeners Câu 35: It can be inferred that the emergence of the mass media and specialised reading materials was an indication of . A. a decline of standards of literacy B. a change in the readers’ interest C. an improvement of printing techniques D. an alteration in educationalists’ attitudes Câu 36: The phrase “a specialised readership” in paragraph 4 mostly means “ ”. a status for readers specialised in mass media a limited number of readers in a particular area of knowledge a requirement for readers in a particular area of knowledge a reading volume for particular professionals Câu 37: All of the following might be the factors that affected the continuation of the old shared literacy culture EXCEPT . A. the inappropriate reading skills B. the printed mass media C. the diversity of reading materials D. the specialised readership The Sun today is a yellow dwarf star. It is fueled by thermonuclear reactions near its center that convert hydrogen to helium. The Sun has existed in its present state for about four billion six hundred million years and is thousands of times larger than the Earth. By studying other stars, astronomers can predict what the rest of the Sun’s life will be like. About five billion years from now, the core of the Sun will shrink and become hotter. The surface temperature will fall. The higher temperature of the center will increase the rate of thermonuclear reactions. The outer regions of the Sun will expand approximately 35 million miles, about the distance to Mercury, which is the closest planet to the Sun. The Sun will then be a red giant star. Temperatures on the Earth will become too high for life to exist. Once the Sun has used up its thermonuclear energy as a red giant, it will begin to shrink. After it shrinks to the size of the Earth, it will become a white dwarf star. The Sun may throw off huge amounts of gases in violent eruptions called nova explosions as it changes from a red giant to a white dwarf. After billions of years as a white dwarf, the Sun will have used up all its fuel and will have lost its heat. Such a star is called a black dwarf. After the Sun has become a black dwarf, the Earth will be dark and cold. If any atmosphere remains there, it will have frozen over the Earth’s surface. Câu 38: It can be inferred from the passage that the Sun . has been in existence for 10 billion years is approximately halfway through its life as a yellow dwarf will continue to be a yellow dwarf for another 10 billion years is rapidly changing in size and brightness Câu 39: When the Sun becomes a red giant, what will the atmosphere be like on the Earth? It will become too hot for life to exist. It will be enveloped in the expanding surface of the sun. It will freeze and become solid. It will be almost destroyed by nova explosions. Câu 40: Large amounts of gases may be released from the Sun at the end of its life as a . A. white dwarf B. red giant C. yellow dwarf D. black dwarf Câu 41: As a white dwarf, the Sun will be . A. a cool and habitable planet B. the same size as the planet Mercury C. thousands of times smaller than it is today D. around 35 million miles in diameter Câu 42: The Sun will become a black dwarf when . A. the outer regions of the Sun expand B. it has used up all its fuel as a white dwarf C. the Sun moves nearer to the Earth D. the core of the Sun becomes hotter Câu 43: The word “there” in the last sentence of paragraph 4 refers to . A. our own planet B. the core of a black dwarf C. the outer surface of the Sun D. the planet Mercury Câu 44: This passage is intended to . describe the changes that the Sun will go through discuss conditions on the Earth in the far future alert people to the dangers posed by the Sun present a theory about red giant stars Câu 45: The passage has probably been taken from . A. a scientific chronicle B. a news report C. a work of science fiction D. a scientific journal The protozoans, minute, aquatic creatures each of which consists of a single cell of protoplasm, constitute a classification of the most primitive forms of animal life. They are fantastically diverse, but three major groups may be identified on the basis of their motility. The Mastigophora have one or more long tails, which they use to project themselves forward. The Ciliata, which use the same basic means for locomotion as the Mastigophora, have a larger number of short tails. The Sarcodina, which include amoebae, float or row themselves about on their crusted bodies. In addition to their form of movement, several other features discriminate among the three groups of protozoans. For example, at least two nuclei per cell have been identified in the Ciliata, usually a large nucleus that regulates growth but decomposes during reproduction, and a smaller one that contains the genetic code necessary to generate the large nucleus. Protozoans are considered animals because, unlike pigmented plants to which some protozoans are otherwise almost identical, they do not live on simple organic compounds. Their cell demonstrates all of the major characteristics of the cells of higher animals. Many species of protozoans collect into colonies, physically connected to each other and responding uniformly to outside stimulae. Current research into this phenomenon, along with investigations carried out with advanced microscopes may necessitate a redefinition of what constitutes protozoans, even calling into question the basic premise that they have only one cell. Nevertheless, with the current data available, almost 40,000 species of protozoans have been identified. No doubt, as the technology improves our methods of observation, better models of classification will be proposed. Câu 46: With what topic is the passage primarily concerned? A. Colonies of protozoans B. Mastigophora C. Motility in protozoans D. Characteristics of protozoans Câu 47: The word “minute” in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by A. Very common B. Very fast C. Very old D. Very small Câu 48: Where do protozoans probably live? A. Water B. Sand C. Grass D. Wood Câu 49: What is protoplasm? A. A class of protozoan B. The substance that forms the cell of a protozoan C. A primitive animal similar to a protozoan D. An animal that developed from a protozoan Câu 50: The word “uniformly” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to A. in the same way B. once in a while C. all of a sudden D. in the long run Câu 51: The word “they” in paragraph 3 refers to A. protozoans B. microscopes C. investigations D. colonies Câu 52: Which of the following statements are NOT true of protozoans? There are approximately 40,000 species. They are the most primitive forms of animal life. They have a large cell and a smaller cell. They are difficult to observe. It was the first photograph that I had ever seen, and it fascinated me. I can remember holding it at every angle in order to catch the flickering light from the oil lamp on the